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http://federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/bernanke20120831a.htm
מבוא:
August 31, 2012Monetary Policy since the Onset of the Crisis

When we convened in Jackson Hole in August 2007, the Federal Open Market Committee"s (FOMC) target for the federal funds rate was 5-1/4 percent. Sixteen months later, with the financial crisis in full swing, the FOMC had lowered the target for the federal funds rate to nearly zero, thereby entering the unfamiliar territory of having to conduct monetary policy with the policy interest rate at its effective lower bound. The unusual severity of the recession and ongoing strains in financial markets made the challenges facing monetary policymakers all the greater.
Today I will review the evolution of U.S. monetary policy since late 2007. My focus will be the Federal Reserve"s experience with nontraditional policy tools, notably those based on the management of the Federal Reserve"s balance sheet and on its public communications. I"ll discuss what we have learned about the efficacy and drawbacks of these less familiar forms of monetary policy, and I"ll talk about the implications for the Federal Reserve"s ongoing efforts to promote a return to maximum employment in a context of price stability.